{"id":227,"date":"2026-04-20T17:29:34","date_gmt":"2026-04-20T15:29:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/?p=227"},"modified":"2026-04-20T17:29:34","modified_gmt":"2026-04-20T15:29:34","slug":"the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/","title":{"rendered":"The Works and the Days of Machiavelli (Presentation and Extract)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><em><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-233\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1-3-642x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"505\" height=\"806\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1-3-642x1024.jpg 642w, https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1-3-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1-3-768x1226.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1-3-963x1536.jpg 963w, https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1-3-1283x2048.jpg 1283w, https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1-3-scaled.jpg 1604w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 505px) 100vw, 505px\" \/>Power, Politics, and the Making of Modern Statecraft<\/em><\/h2>\n<h3>by <span class=\"author notFaded\" data-width=\"\"> GEW Social Sciences and Humanities Group <span class=\"contribution\"> <span class=\"a-color-secondary\">(Author), <\/span> <\/span> <\/span> <span class=\"author notFaded\" data-width=\"\"> <a class=\"a-link-normal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Hichem-Karoui\/e\/B004MZARBG\/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_2\">Hichem Karoui<\/a> <span class=\"contribution\"> <span class=\"a-color-secondary\">(Editor)<\/span> <\/span> <\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"a-list-item\"><span class=\"a-text-bold\">Part of series \u200f : \u200e <\/span> <a class=\"a-link-normal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/B0GBJPRCS3?binding=hardcover&amp;ref=dbs_dp_sirpi\">Thinkers and Philosophers<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"a-list-item\"> <span class=\"a-text-bold\">Publisher \u200f : \u200e <\/span> Global East-West For Studies and Publishing (GEW) <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"a-list-item\"> <span class=\"a-text-bold\">Publication date \u200f : \u200e <\/span> April 10, 2026 <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"a-list-item\"> <span class=\"a-text-bold\">Language \u200f : \u200e <\/span> English <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"a-list-item\"> <span class=\"a-text-bold\">Print length \u200f : \u200e <\/span> 288 pages <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In <em>The Works and the Days of Machiavelli<\/em>, Hichem Karoui presents a compelling synthesis of the life and ideas of Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli, illuminating the intellectual foundations of modern statecraft.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Set against the backdrop of Renaissance Italy\u2014a fragmented world of rival city-states, diplomatic intrigue, and military conflict\u2014this book examines how Machiavelli\u2019s direct involvement in public affairs informed his revolutionary approach to politics. His writings are not abstract theories, but responses to urgent historical realities.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This volume explores the tension at the heart of Machiavelli\u2019s work: the relationship between necessity and morality. It reconsiders <em>The Prince<\/em> as a pragmatic guide to leadership, while placing equal emphasis on the republican ideals articulated in <em>Discourses on Livy<\/em>. Together, these works reveal a thinker deeply concerned with political stability, civic participation, and the preservation of liberty.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The book also addresses Machiavelli\u2019s long-standing reputation as a symbol of manipulation and deceit, offering a more balanced interpretation that highlights his contribution to the emergence of political science as a discipline grounded in observation and experience.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Why Read This Book?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The Enigma Decoded:<\/strong> Understand the true meaning of <em>virt\u00f9<\/em> and <em>fortuna<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Institutional Design:<\/strong> Learn why Machiavelli believed conflict, when channeled by law, makes a republic stronger.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vast Bibliography:<\/strong> Includes a curated list of primary and secondary sources for further research.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Accessible in style yet intellectually rigorous, this edition is ideal for readers seeking both an introduction and a deeper understanding of Machiavelli\u2019s thought and its relevance today.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Available in various formats and editions (Hardcover, paperback, Kindle and Ebook) everywhere in the world<\/h3>\n<div class=\"animation-placeholder\"><strong>Amazon<\/strong><\/div>\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/a.co\/d\/006n4E3o\">https:\/\/a.co\/d\/006n4E3o<\/a><\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/a.co\/d\/05gP3Iqw\">https:\/\/a.co\/d\/05gP3Iqw<\/a><\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/a.co\/d\/0iL20iBm\">https:\/\/a.co\/d\/0iL20iBm<\/a><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/books2read.com\/u\/bO5WRJ\">Universal Link (Kobo, Apple, Barnes &amp; Noble, bookshop.org, FNAC, Leclerc, etc.)<\/a><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/books2read.com\/u\/bO5WRJ\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-225\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Screenshot-2026-04-18-at-13.28.40-1024x303.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"792\" height=\"234\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Screenshot-2026-04-18-at-13.28.40-1024x303.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Screenshot-2026-04-18-at-13.28.40-300x89.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Screenshot-2026-04-18-at-13.28.40-768x227.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Screenshot-2026-04-18-at-13.28.40.png 1448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 792px) 100vw, 792px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>Contents<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div class=\"item \"><span class=\"name\">Introduction: Understanding Machiavelli\u2019s Enduring Legacy<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">1.<span class=\"name\">The World of Renaissance Italy<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">2.<span class=\"name\">Florence: Republic and Rivalries<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">3.<span class=\"name\">The Young Machiavelli<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">4.<span class=\"name\">Entering Public Service<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">5.<span class=\"name\">The Art of Observation<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">6.<span class=\"name\">Diplomatic Missions and Lessons Learned<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">7.<span class=\"name\">Encounters with Kings and Princes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">8.<span class=\"name\">Cesare Borgia: A Model of Power<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">9.<span class=\"name\">War, Militias, and the State<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">10.<span class=\"name\">Fortune and Virt\u00f9<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">11.<span class=\"name\">The Collapse of the Florentine Republic<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">12.<span class=\"name\">Arrest, Torture, and Silence<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">13.<span class=\"name\">Exile in Sant\u2019Andrea<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">14.<span class=\"name\">Writing The Prince<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">15.<span class=\"name\">The Prince: A Manual of Power<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">16.<span class=\"name\">Discourses on Livy: Republican Ideals<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">17.<span class=\"name\">The Tension Between Freedom and Control<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">18.<span class=\"name\">Religion, Morality, and Politics<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">19.<span class=\"name\">Machiavelli Misunderstood<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">20.<span class=\"name\">The Birth of Modern Political Thought<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \">21.<span class=\"name\">Machiavelli Today: Power in the Contemporary World<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"item \"><span class=\"name\">Bibliography<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<h1>Introduction: Understanding Machiavelli\u2019s Enduring Legacy<\/h1>\n<h2>by Hichem Karoui<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Niccolai Machiavelli remains a subject of scholarly interest and political significance half a millennium after writing his most popular book, The Prince. His foundational works, such as The Prince and the Discourses on Livy, have been regarded as a revolutionary change in the discourse of politics, with the former having made him the so-called First Modern Political Thinker and having made him a founder in the history of Western political thought. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#1_________T__K__Bera___Unveiling\">1<\/a> Machiavelli is, however, an enigma \u2013 a man detested as an immoral realist and praised as an implicit theorist of liberty and republicanism. To interpret his work, it is necessary to consult both primary and secondary literature that has built up around his work, especially scholarship that discusses the ways in which his thought still influences debates about power, morality, statecraft, and liberty.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The essay, which follows this introduction, is intended to be used by students, scholars, and researchers studying the life, works, and impact on the contemporary political thought of Machiavelli. The bibliography included at the end of the book is themed to align with the key issues that are discussed and allow the reader to further explore the particular aspects of Machiavellian thought and its historical and theoretical contexts.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">I. LIFE, TIMES, AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">To interpret Machiavelli, it is necessary to place him in the context of the tumultuous politics of Renaissance Italy, where his practical experience of statecraft, diplomacy, and political failure were the direct inspiration of his theoretical innovations.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#2________J__M__Najemy___Machiave\">2<\/a> Machiavelli was all too conscious of living in a catastrophic period of Italian history: invasions, occupations, broken states.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#3________Ibid\">3<\/a> It was this historical trauma that informed his intellectual project, rather than any abstract theoretical consideration.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Renaissance Florence and Italian Politics<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Florence, where Machiavelli was born and spent most of his life, was not a nation but a congested arena of rival forces, with mountains dividing the peninsula into identity compartments. The administrative and documentary cultures which developed in Renaissance Florence, especially during the Italian Wars which started in 1494, testify to the importance of information management in governance.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#4________A__Guidi___The_florenti\">4<\/a> Machiavelli himself played a major role in the production and storage of large quantities of state papers, which was especially true in connection with the new militia that he created in 1506. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#5________Ibid\">5<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cesare Borgia and Diplomatic Experience.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cesare Borgia has a unique place in the thought of Machiavelli, as he is his paradigmatic example of the virtuous prince, who is both audacious and calculating. The lessons learned by Machiavelli during his diplomatic visits to Romagna about Borgia gave him practical examples of how power could be gained and strengthened with the help of military force, strategic intelligence, and psychological mastery.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#6________F__D__de_Gaillarbois\">6<\/a> The long-standing connection between Machiavelli and Borgia in the popular and academic imagination is the way this historical exemplification of Machiavelli crystallised his political vision.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#7________Ibid\">7<\/a><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Florentine Republic and Medici Rule<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The strains between monarchy and republicanism are the major characteristics of the Machiavellian political writings, as both The Prince and the Discourses warn against the reliance on the monarchy by birth and praise the advantages of republicanism. The Medici restoration in Florence and the ensuing conversion of the republic into an absolutist duchy were both a challenge and an opportunity for Machiavelli\u2019s political theorising.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#8________L__M__C__Byatt___Politi\">8<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">II. MACHIAVELLI\u2019S MAJOR WORKS AND PHILOSOPHY<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Prince: A Manual of Power<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Prince by Machiavelli is his most debatable book, mainly due to the fact that it demands rulers to take action and that such action under stress seldom results in clean hands. The work was hastily composed in 1513 at Santandrea, when Machiavelli was humiliated and exiled and in search of practical appreciation by his advice to a prospective Medici prince. What made it scandalous was not that it loves cruelty or treachery, but that it refuses to veil necessity with pious words, instead naming the \u201ceffectual truth\u201d of politics by setting aside imagined republics and principalities that adorn moral treatises.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#9________GEW_Social_Sciences_and\">9<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The unique value of The Prince is its systematic approach to the acquisition and maintenance of power in different situations. The theory of Machiavelli examines the role of virt\u00f9, which is a blend of ability, decisiveness, flexibility, and tactical acumen in helping rulers attain and retain power in new and hereditary principalities. The connection between virt\u00f9 and fortuna is key: successful rulers are able to decrease the impact of fortune by training, planning, and acting on time.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#10________C__L__Bonol___Niccolo\">10<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Virtue and Fortune: The Main Ideas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Niccolai Machiavelli, who is rightly regarded as the father of political science, has made controversial means of gaining and preserving political power the main focus of his philosophy. The Machiavellian ideas of virt\u00f9 (virtue as political ability) and fortuna (good fortune as a random phenomenon) are some of the ways of gaining political authority.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#11________C__L__A__Bonol___Virtu\">11<\/a> Fortuna is destructive because it limits human will, but only virt\u00f9 can help prevent fortuna.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#12________Ibid\">12<\/a> With the use of virt\u00f9, the prince can sustain political power, and any means that will be beneficial for the ruler and the state\u2019s glory are necessary to be acted upon through virt\u00f9.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#13________C__L__A__Bonol__Jan_20\">13<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Effectual truth represents the philosophical essence of Machiavelli\u2019s concept of political success, which involves both the acquisition and maintenance of the state. Although Machiavelli explicitly denied the idealism of some of the ancient and mediaeval philosophers whose imagined republics were always merely hypothetical and openly urged princes to pursue and exercise power, the work is imbued with an innermost experience of the ugly realities of a political environment in which practical necessity was the order of the day.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#14________D__Gish___Effectual_tr\">14<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Discourses on Livy: Republican Ideals.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Discourses on Livy is the most detailed exposition of republican politics and the prerequisites of political liberty by Machiavelli.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#15_________S__S__Giarola___Histo\">15<\/a> Livy is not an antiquarian treasure but a political labyrinth, and Machiavelli dissects institutions, catalogues the types of character, and tracks the ways in which a law or absence of a law was refined into the strength or the rot of a regime. His main point is that liberty is not the fruit of concord or of mild manners but of contention which is heard, formalised and directed : the most enduring republics of the world are those which have the daring to institutionalise their own struggles.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#16________The_present_essay__202\">16<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Machiavelli pays special attention to the operation of emergency powers in a republic, particularly the Roman dictatorship.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#17________Ibid\">17<\/a> The Roman dictatorship had a limit to certain mandates and legal processes, and its aim was to condense decision-making during emergencies without re-establishing the state form. Extraordinary powers may be secure when they are included in the form of regularised exceptions; the other, the refusal to use decisive means, is the defeat or gradual decadence of republicanism.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#18________The_present_essay__202\">18<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">III. RELIGION, MORALITY, AND POLITICS<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Secularisation of Politics<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Machiavelli\u2019s secularisation of politics represents one of his most profound contributions to modern thought. The modernity he inaugurates is visible in his shift of political care from the soul to the city\u2014mediaeval moralists worried about the salvation of rulers, but Machiavelli worries about the salvation of republics.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#19________Ibid\">19<\/a> The virtues he prizes\u2014energy, foresight, audacity\u2014are not personal adornments but public instruments, and he judges Florence and Rome not by the sanctity of leaders but by the structure of their orders.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#20________The_present_essay__202\">20<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">His secularisation of politics inevitably transforms the place of religion.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#21________Ibid\">21<\/a> Machiavelli observes that beliefs and ceremonies are instruments of cohesion; he writes admiringly of Rome\u2019s auspices and of Numa\u2019s pious frauds, condemning Christianity not per se but in its softening effect on civic energy when misinterpreted.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#22________The_present_essay__202\">22<\/a> Religion becomes a resource to form citizens rather than an ultimate end, representing a transvaluation of the sacred.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#23________Ibid\">23<\/a><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Morality, Necessity, and Prudence<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The distinction between good and evil persists in Machiavelli\u2019s thought, and the theme of corruption\u2014understood as political decay\u2014saturates the Discourses.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#24________The_present_essay__202\">24<\/a> However, he relocates morality within the economy of power rather than above it, with a good order being one that endures, secures liberty for citizens, and channels human appetites in ways that produce public rather than private benefit.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#25________Ibid\">25<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Machiavelli assumes that all regimes, like all men, operate within the constraints of time, appetite, and fear.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#26________The_present_essay__202\">26<\/a> He does not excuse cruelty; he distinguishes between cruelty \u201cwell used\u201d\u2014employed once, for security, then abandoned\u2014and cruelty \u201cbadly used\u201d\u2014growing in time rather than shrinking.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#27________Ibid\">27<\/a> He makes no cult of treachery; he warns that a reputation for it ruins a prince\u2019s ability to form alliances and command loyalty.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#28________The_present_essay__202\">28<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">IV. MACHIAVELLI\u2019S INFLUENCE ON MODERN POLITICAL THOUGHT<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Birth of Modern Political Thought<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Machiavelli\u2019s impulse towards a political science resonates with other strands of early modern inquiry.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#29________Ibid\">29<\/a> Bacon\u2019s call for knowledge based on experiment and induction is of a piece with Machiavelli\u2019s claim to reason from effects. Bodin\u2019s sovereignty responds to the same world of fractured authority and civil war that Machiavelli anatomised. Grotius, in trying to reconstruct natural law \u201cas if God did not exist\u201d, participates in the same secularising project.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#30________The_present_essay__202\">30<\/a> This constellation\u2014reason of state, sovereignty, secular natural law\u2014traces the architectural lines of modern political thought, with Machiavelli as its first draughtsman.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#31________Ibid\">31<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The argument that defines modernity in politics is animated by Machiavelli\u2019s insistence on the effectual truth and his refusal to mistake pretty words for safe regimes.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#32________The_present_essay__202\">32<\/a> His method of history as a laboratory, conflict as a resource, and human nature as a premise opened a space in which Hobbes could argue for the sovereign, Rousseau for the legislator, and countless others for the devices of constitutional liberty. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#33________Ibid\">33<\/a><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Realism, Republicanism, and Democracy<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Realists claim Machiavelli as a founder; republicans claim him as a guide; even moralists claim him as a warning.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#34________The_present_essay__202\">34<\/a> His contributions to political thought have been appropriated by diverse intellectual traditions, each finding in his work support for distinctive political projects. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#35________J__P__McCormick___Vulg\">35<\/a> Contemporary scholars have returned to Machiavelli to rescue him from the distortions of both hagiography and demonology, rehabilitating the republican Machiavelli alongside the princely and showing how his defence of plebeian tumults enriches a theory of liberty as non-domination.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#36________The_present_essay__202\">36<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The man long condemned as a prophet of treachery turns out to have been, in his way, a moralist of politics<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#37________Ibid\">37<\/a>; he is the ironist who uses the language of princely craft to teach the limits of princely rule, the patriot who, humiliated in exile, writes not to excuse tyranny but to find a route back to service of a free city.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#38________The_present_essay__202\">38<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">V. REPUBLICANISM, LIBERTY, AND NON-DOMINATION<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Republican Freedom and Constitutional Government<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The constant tension in Machiavelli\u2019s work\u2014perhaps the tension of modernity itself\u2014concerns the relationship between freedom and control.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#39________The_present_essay__202\">39<\/a> The Prince presents a sketch of energy at the top, a study in executive power under conditions of insecurity, while the Discourses lay foundations for a politics of freedom sustained by laws, participation, and the watchfulness of a spirited people.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#40________Ibid\">40<\/a> He treats these not as opposed principles but as phases in the life cycle of polities: foundings require art and strength; order thereafter requires law and habit.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#41________The_present_essay__202\">41<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This cyclical vision anticipates the modern preoccupation with constitutional emergency: when may a state suspend rules to save itself, and how can it then return to normal government?<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#42________Ibid\">42<\/a> Later jurists and theorists, up to and including Weber and Schmitt, recognise in Machiavelli\u2019s pages the theorist of the exception, yet unlike those who delight in the bare decision, he insists on the diuturnity of orders\u2014the measure of the founder\u2019s success is not the brilliance of a single stroke but the endurance of ordinary legality.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#43________The_present_essay__202\">43<\/a><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mixed Government and Institutional Balance<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Machiavelli\u2019s understanding of the Roman republic\u2019s greatness reflects his admiration for mixed government and its institutional balance.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#44________Ibid\">44<\/a> The system that allowed the people to elect magistrates and pass laws while reserving certain counsels to the Senate did not merely split power; it cultivated complementary virtues.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#45________The_present_essay__202\">45<\/a> The great may be better at devising measures; the people are better at judging their fairness.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#46________The_present_essay__202\">46<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">VI. CONFLICT, ORDER, AND INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Civil Conflict as a Political Resource<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Civil war, when directed correctly, strengthens republics rather than weakens them, marking a radical break with previous political thought as expressed by Machiavelli.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#47________Ibid\">47<\/a> Machiavelli prepares the ground with the issue of origins in the first book of the Discourses: the establishment of a republic is no longer an act of sweet persuasion but an acknowledgement of the fact of birth, which is violent. The original power of the founder is then refined and reformed by subsequent lawmakers, and war becomes a productive element within republican systems.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#48________The_present_essay__202\">48<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Checks and Accountability by the Institution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The institutional processes by which republics uphold their freedom need constant attention and the ability to institutionalise conflict.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#49________Ibid\">49<\/a> Machiavelli refers to Rome but addresses cities in which the springs of civic vigour have been strangled by mercenary captains and the politics of papalism and recommends the introduction of tribunician equivalents, the provision of legal avenues of opposition, and the arming of the citizens to protect their own laws as an attempt to re-establish the republic on more favourable conditions.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#50________The_present_essay__202\">50<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">VII. COMPARATIVE AND CONTEXTUAL STUDIES<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Machiavelli and Ancient Political Thought<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The connection between Machiavelli and classical political philosophy is not as straightforward as mere inheritance.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#51________D__Verma___THE_EVOLUTI\">51<\/a> The study discusses the differences between the political realism and idealism of Aristotle and Plato and how the pragmatic approach to power and flexibility of Machiavelli is a clear departure from mediaeval Christian political thought and yet remains in touch with classical traditions. Through comparison, the study shows how the idealistic ideas of Plato were replaced by the pragmatics of Machiavelli, whereby authority and flexibility were crucial to political achievement.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#52________Ibid\">52<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Machiavelli and Early Modern Literature and Culture.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Machiavellian motifs can be seen throughout Renaissance drama, especially in Shakespeare. The Cesare episode of The Prince offers Shakespeare a chance to consider how spectacle and theatricality can be employed to conquer a disobedient people as well as to justify the sovereign power by the psychological processes of fear and obedience.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#53________A__Moore___The_machiav\">53<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">VIII. CONTEMPORARY APPLICATIONS AND THEORETICAL INNOVATION<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Republican Freedom as Non-Domination<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The modern political theory of republicanism, which draws on the Machiavellian tradition, focuses on freedom as non-interference but as non-domination, as freedom from arbitrary power by other people.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#54________R__A__de_Moraes__F__Z\">54<\/a> This vision of freedom involves the lack of domination, which is backed by the democratic processes of dispersal and accountability of power.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#55________Ibid\">55<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Artificial Intelligence and Political Decision-Making.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Recent academia has started to use Machiavellian concepts to address modern issues presented by artificial intelligence in political decision-making.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#56________C__V__Hoyos_and_W__O\">56<\/a> Political decision-making using artificial intelligence might be consistent with the strategies that are related to Machiavelli and are primarily aimed at attaining the goals, like preserving power and minimising moral conflicts.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#57________Ibid\">57<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Global Statecraft and International Relations<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Machiavelli and his understanding of power, interest, and prudence still influence the discussions of international relations theory. Renaissance humanism, led by Machiavelli, offers a precondition to both realist and liberal traditions in international relations and explains the persistence of the tension between state power and normative obligation.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#58________B__J__Parsalaw___Inter\">58<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">IX. THE RECEPTION AND CRITIQUE OF MACHIAVELLI<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Anti-Machiavellianism and Early Responses<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Prince\u2019s first appearance in print would wait until 1532, years after Machiavelli\u2019s death, and in the meantime it inspired vigorous denunciations.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#59________The_present_essay__202\">59<\/a> Catholic and Protestant polemicists alike compiled the \u201cmaxims\u201d of Machiavellian wickedness, turning Machiavelli into a totem of iniquity useful for polemical purposes.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#60________Ibid\">60<\/a> Yet these denunciations were backhanded tributes to Machiavelli\u2019s diagnostic power.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#61________The_present_essay__202\">61<\/a><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Modern Scholarly Reinterpretation<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Contemporary scholarship has worked to rescue Machiavelli from distortions by both hagiography and demonology.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#62________Ibid\">62<\/a>These scholars have rehabilitated the republican Machiavelli alongside the princely and shown how his defence of plebeian tumults enriches a theory of liberty as non-domination.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#63________The_present_essay__202\">63<\/a> The man long condemned as the prophet of treachery turns out to have been a moralist of politics: not the preacher of private virtue, but the architect of public prudence.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#64________Ibid\">64<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">X. MAJOR INTERPRETIVE FRAMEWORKS<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Virtue and Political Practice<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The concept of political virtue as portrayed by Machiavelli radically changes the way we conceptualise leadership and statecraft. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#65________J__Panchal___Ethical_l\">65<\/a> Ethical leadership in the political arena is not based on some abstract principles but on the ability to make their way in complicated circumstances, keeping the common good in mind. The virtues he recommends, energy, foresight, audacity, are instruments of the state in accomplishing the political ends in systems of institutional order.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Moral Ambiguity Problem.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Machiavelli rejects the saccharine piety of princes who talk of virtue and live by vice and the nihilism of those who believe that power is merely a devourer. And between these extremes he carves out a slender way of discretion, which demands knowledge of him in his language, in his soil, of reading the Discourses with The Prince, and of subjecting his assertions to the facts of his diplomatic expeditions.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#66________The_present_essay__202\">66<\/a><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">CONCLUSION: THE ENDURING RELEVANCE OF MACHIAVELLI<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The ideas of Machiavelli are still crucial to modern political theory and practice since he makes us acknowledge the discrepancy between the way politics ought to be and the way it is. His emphasis on the effectual truth of politics, on ruling with his eyes open, not by ideological illusions, still puts the contemporary democracies to a challenge to think more critically about the connection between power and morality and the way institutions are structured.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.global-east-west.com\/2026\/04\/20\/the-works-and-the-days-of-machiavelli-presentation-and-extract\/#67________Ibid\">67<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The bibliography given at the end of this volume is meant to assist scholars and students in navigating the vast secondary literature about Machiavelli, as well as to point out how his historical environment, his key works, and his legacy to modern political philosophy connect. Coming to Machiavelli with the prism of republican theory, international relations realism, democratic theory or business ethics, the readers will discover in the sources provided below a treasure trove of information on how to further their knowledge about one of the most influential and controversial figures in Western political thought.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Sources and References<\/h3>\n<p>FOUNDATIONAL TEXTS FOR FURTHER READING<\/p>\n<p>Primary Works<\/p>\n<p>Machiavelli, N. (1513). The Prince [various modern editions and translations available].<\/p>\n<p>Machiavelli, N. Discourses on Livy [various modern editions and translations available].<\/p>\n<p>Machiavelli, N. The Art of War [various modern editions].<\/p>\n<p>Classical Sources Influential on Machiavelli<\/p>\n<p>Livy. History of Rome.<\/p>\n<p>Polybius. Histories.<\/p>\n<p>Cicero. De re publica.<\/p>\n<p>Plutarch. Parallel Lives.<\/p>\n<p>Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War.<\/p>\n<p>Major Interpretive Works<\/p>\n<p>Skinner, Q. (1978). The Foundations of Modern Political Thought. Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Pocock, J. G. A. (1975). The Machiavellian Moment. Princeton University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Viroli, M. (1998). Machiavelli. Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p>McCormick, J. P. (2011). Machiavellian Democracy. Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>T. K. Bera, \u201cUnveiling the Nuances and Enduring Relevance of Machiavelli\u2019s Theory: The Process of Acquisition to Power and Maintenance Statecraft in a Multipolar World,\u201d International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.36948\/ijfmr.2024.v06i02.18547.<\/li>\n<li>J. M. Najemy, \u201cMachiavelli\u201ds broken world,\u201d May 2022, doi: 10.1093\/oso\/9780199580927.001.0001.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>A. Guidi, \u201cThe florentine archives in transition: Government, warfare and communication (1289\u20131530 ca.),\u201d European History Quarterly, June 2016, doi: 10.1177\/0265691416648261.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>F. D. de Gaillarbois, \u201cMachiavelli, cesare borgia and contemporary princes on photomontage as an example of popular and figurative machiavellianism,\u201d History of European Ideas, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.1080\/01916599.2024.2354032.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>L. M. C. Byatt, \u201cPolitico vivere in niccol\u00f2 machiavelli and donato giannotti: Monarchy, republicanism and mixed government in florence,\u201d History of European Ideas, May 2024, doi: 10.1080\/01916599.2024.2354027.<\/li>\n<li>GEW Social Sciences and Humanities Group. \u201cThe Works and the Days of Machiavelli,\u201d 2026. (The present essay).<\/li>\n<li>C. L. Bo\u00f1ol, \u201cNiccol\u00f2 machiavelli\u2019s political theory: Acquiring political power through virt\u00f9,\u201d Journal of Contemporary Philosophical and Anthropological Studies, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.59652\/dvar9c98.<\/li>\n<li>C. L. A. Bo\u00f1ol, \u201cVirt\u00f9 and fortuna: On sustenance of political power,\u201d International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.62225\/2583049x.2026.6.1.5720.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>C. L. A. Bo\u00f1ol, Jan.2026. Op.Cit.<\/li>\n<li>D. Gish, \u201cEffectual truth and the machiavellian enterprise,\u201d Literature, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.3390\/literature5010006.<\/li>\n<li>S. S. Giarola, \u201cHistory, fortune and conflict in politics: Considerations on niccol\u00f2 machiavelli\u2019s and francesco guicciardini\u2019s republican political theory,\u201d Revista Inquietude, May 2023, doi: 10.59780\/iita8698<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>J. P. McCormick, \u201cVulgarity and virtuosity,\u201d Reading Machiavelli, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.23943\/princeton\/9780691183503.003.0001.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>D. Verma, \u201cTHE EVOLUTION OF CLASSICAL POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: FROM PLATO TO MACHIAVELLI,\u201d ShodhKosh Journal of Visual and Performing Arts, June 2023, doi: 10.29121\/shodhkosh.v4.i1.2023.3845.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>A. Moore, \u201cThe machiavellian spectacle in shakespeare\u2019s measure for measure,\u201d Literature, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.3390\/literature5010002.<\/li>\n<li>R. A. de Moraes, F. Z. Blanco, and R. dos Reis Silveira, \u201cLIBERTY AS NON-DOMINATION: THE CONTRIBUTION OF PHILIP PETTIT AND THE DEBATE WITH HIS CRITICS,\u201d Revista Pol\u00edticas P\u00fablicas &amp; Cidades, June 2024, doi: 10.23900\/2359-1552v13n1-38-2024.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>C. V. Hoyos and W. O. C. Mar\u00edn, \u201cThe use of artificial intelligence in political decision-making,\u201d Philosophies, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.3390\/philosophies10050095.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>B. J. Parsalaw, \u201cInternational law and international relations: Renaissance humanism as an antecedent to realism and liberalism,\u201d International Journal of Judicial Law, 2026, doi: 10.54660\/ijjl.2026.5.1.33-58.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>J. Panchal, \u201cEthical leadership in indian political thought: Insights from kautilya and mahatma gandhi,\u201d International Journal of Leading Research Publication, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.70528\/ijlrp.v7.i3.2034.<\/li>\n<li>The present essay, 2026. Op. Cit.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"pt-5 pb-5\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Power, Politics, and the Making of Modern Statecraft by GEW Social Sciences and Humanities Group (Author), Hichem Karoui (Editor) Part of series \u200f : \u200e Thinkers and Philosophers Publisher \u200f : \u200e Global East-West For Studies and Publishing (GEW) Publication date \u200f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":232,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,97,95,257],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-227","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essays-biographies","category-humanities","category-social-sciences","category-theory"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/227","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=227"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/227\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":234,"href":"https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/227\/revisions\/234"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/232"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=227"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=227"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hichemkaroui.com\/page\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=227"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}